<p>Colbún Lake  is a reservoir in the Maule Region in Chile, straddling the provinces of Talca  and Linares . Located 48 km southeast of the city of Talca, the regional capital and 35 km northeast of the city of Linares and with an area of 5,700 hectares and a capacity of 1,490,000 m³, it is the largest artificial reservoir in Chile. The lake lies at an altitude of 440 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<p>It was built between the years 1980 and 1985, in order to dam the waters of the Maule River for use in agricultural irrigation and hydroelectric power.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>In the summer, the waters reach 23 °C. This fact and the favorable climatic conditions during the summer months render the lake a widely used spot for water sports. It also offers a variety of leisure activities, with lodging accommodations and tourism services available to visitors.</p><br>
<p>Creswell Bay is an Arctic waterway in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is an arm of western Prince Regent Inlet in eastern Somerset Island. Its northeastern landmark, Fury Point, is approximately 100 km west of Baffin Island.</p><br>
<p>While the bay does not have any permanent settlements, it remains an important Inuit habitation site.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Creswell Bay is large and almost semicircular. Its habitat is characterized by</p><br>
<p>tundra, rivers, streams, mud, saline sand flats, a freshwater lake, open sea, inlets, coastal marine features, coastal cliffs, and rocky marine shores. The elevation is 0 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Stanwell-Fletcher Lake is joined to the bay by the Union River; crystalline rocks are notable along the way. The Creswell River also empties into the bay.</p><br>
<p>The Devonian Peel Sound Formation outcrops at the bay. The formation consists of sandstone, grit, and conglomerate which is predominantly limestone.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The bay is a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU062). Notable bird species include black-bellied plover, greater snow goose, king eider, long-tailed duck, long-tailed duck, red phalarope, sanderling, shorebirds, and white-rumped sandpiper.</p><br>
<p>Arctic char enter the bay in the late summer and swim up the Union River to Stanwell-Fletcher Lake, where they over-winter. The large numbers of char attract beluga whales and narwhals which feed on the char.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archeological sites include Thule encampments and Dorset settlements.</p><br>
<p>Native Bay is a waterway in Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Hudson Bay off western Southampton Island. The Bell Peninsula lies to the southeast. Native Point is located at the bay&#39;s southern tip. East Bay is 20 km to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The habitat is characterized by barrens, coastal marine features, grassy meadows, inlets, rocky flats, sedge, and tundra.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>East Bay/Native Bay is a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU023). Notable bird species include Atlantic brant, colonial waterbirds, seabirds, common eider, and lesser snow goose.</p><br>
<p>Caribou frequent the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An archeological site exists on the west side of Native Point,</p><br>
<p>Reid Bay is an Arctic waterway in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Davis Strait off Baffin Island&#39;s Cumberland Sound.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The habitat is characterized by open sea, inlets, coastal marine features, coastal cliffs, rocky marine shores, scree, and boulders. Its coastal elevation rises up to 800 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The uninhabited bay area is a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU072), and International Biological Program site (Region 9, Site 7-9). Notable bird species include: black-legged kittiwake, colonial water birds/seabirds, glaucous gull, Iceland gull, northern fulmar, and thick-billed murre.</p><br>
<p>The former Reid Bay Key Migratory Bird Terrestrial Habitat site has been renamed Akpait (NU Site 28) (66&deg;56&prime;N latitude, 061&deg;46&prime;W longitude), coinciding with its location at Akapit Fiord.</p><br>
<p>The Twin Range is a mountain range within the White Mountains of New Hampshire.</p><br>
<h2>Summits</h2><br>
<p>Notable peaks within the range include North Twin Mountain, South Twin Mountain, Mount Guyot, Mount Bond, Mount Garfield, Zealand Mountain, and Mount Hale.</p><br>
<h2>Borders</h2><br>
<p>The range (except for Mt. Hale) approximates the shape of a cross, with its main axis running north-south from North Twin to Bondcliff, and a shorter axis running west-east from Mount Garfield to Zeacliff. To the north of North Twin (and some smaller peaks such as The Nubble) lies the Ammonoosuc River valley. South of Bondcliff lies the valley of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River. West of Garfield, a ridge joins the Twin Range to the Franconia Range (specifically, the north peak of Mount Lafayette). East of Zeacliff lies Zealand Notch. Mount Hale and the Sugarloafs form a second north-south ridge to the east of the main ridge and north of Zealand Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Twin Range offers a chance to enjoy above-treeline hiking in the Whites without being as crowded as the Presidential or Franconia ranges, thanks to a paucity of roads bordering the Pemigewasset Wilderness where most of its peaks are situated.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail passes across the Twin Range from Garfield to Zeacliff. Other trails connect the other peaks to the A.T. and to roads to the north and south. The Twin Range also contains about half of the.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Eider Islands are an uninhabited Canadian Arctic islands group in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. The 172 small islands are located in western Ungava Bay off the northern coast of Quebec. The closest community is Quaqtaq, Quebec, 20 km to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>They should not be confused with Eider Island, which lies in Chesterfield Inlet, Nunavut, just southeast of Little Big Island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The underlying solid rock of these islands is a granitic gneiss. There are wide, bare rock shorelines formed by high tides of up to 16 m.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>A thin soil layer supports Arctic willow, crowberry, sedge, lichen and moss.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Eider Islands are a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU026). The notable bird species is the common eider.</p><br>
<p>Fraser Island is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located at the mouth of Hudson Bay off Nottingham Island&#39;s northwestern tip. The closest community is the Inuit hamlet of Cape Dorset, 120 km to the northeast on Baffin Island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island&#39;s habitat is characterized by tundra, inlets, coastal marine features, coastal cliffs, and rocky marine shores.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Fraser Island is a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU024), as well as a Key Migratory Bird Terrestrial Habitat site (NU Site 46). Notable bird species include common eider as well as colonial waterbirds/seabirds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1965, the previously unnamed island was named in honour of Robert James Fraser (1887–1965), first Dominion Hydrographer.</p><br>
<p>Mott House was a historic residence constructed in 1839 in Columbus, Georgia. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mott House was constructed in 1839.</p><br>
<h3>Final years</h3><br>
<p>Following the construction of the TSYS campus in 1999, the Mott House was deemed to remain in its original location, between the newly constructed main TSYS office building and its parking garage (a former cotton mill) along the banks of the Chattahoochee River. In 2013, a renovation of the Mott House began, consisting of many added facilities. During the early morning of September 7, 2014, the Mott House caught fire, later determined to be a total loss.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, a memorial opened at the site of the Mott House, showcasing a replica of its Antebellum facade, along with many plaques describing its history, pictured below.</p><br>
<p>The Salikuit Islands are an uninhabited island group in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. The 103 island archipelago is located in eastern Hudson Bay between the Belcher Islands and the western coast of Quebec. The closest communities are the Inuit hamlets of Umiujaq, Quebec, 60 km to the east on the coast of Hudson Bay, and Sanikiluaq, 75 km to the west on Flaherty Island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The islands&#39; habitat is characterized by low lying tundra and rocky marine shores. While twelve of the islands are between 50-1,500 ha in size, the rest are smaller than 50 ha.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Salikuit Islands are a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU032) and a Key Migratory Terrestrial Bird Site (NU Site 55). Notable bird species include Arctic tern, common eider, glaucous gull, and herring gull.</p><br>
<p>Normandy Grange is located along NY 9D north of Garrison, New York, United States. It is a Norman-style house and farm complex built in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was intended to be the gatehouse for Evans Dicks nearby Dicks Castle estate, which was never completed. He and his family lived there during construction of the castle, and found they liked it. In 1982 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Hudson Highlands Multiple Resource Area.</p><br>
<h2>Properties</h2><br>
<p>The Grange is today on two lots: a four-acre (1.6 ha) parcel with the west-facing gatehouse on Route 9D, and the farm buildings on the back 44 acre. Trees screen most of the front of the gatehouse from the highway. A driveway curves around through an open area past some of the farm buildings, and then uphill. There are five contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>The gatehouse is a three-story stucco-sided building with a steeply pitched jerkin roof and exposed rafters. It has sixteen steep hipped dormer windows and three shed-roofed porches. The chimneys have arched brick covers on top. Garage and greenhouse wings have been added.</p><br>
<p>Behind it, to the east, is the barn, built into the slope. It is two stories high, with a similarly steep slate gable roof topped with a cupola and randomly placed hipped dormers. Inside are horse stalls and a hayloft on the upper level and a calf barn on the lower. A one-story stucco-sided slate-covered gable-roofed pigeon and dove roost is attached to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>Further to the east, up the hill, is the combined carriage house and servants&#39; quarters. It is an H-shaped one-and-a-half-story stone building. Its gabled roof has a similar treatment as the gatehouse, with exposed rafters and stucco chimneys with arched caps. Next to it is a small building known as the Turkey House. Dick liked to play card games there, but it is not known if turkeys were ever actually raised in it.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dick had begun acquiring the property, part of the former Gouverneur estate, as early as 1880 with the intent of building an estate there. He named the support structures for the hilltop castle Normandy Grange, after their Norman architectural style, rarely used in the USA During construction, he and his family lived in the Grange houses themselves and found they liked them.</p><br>
<p>Later the properties were split into the two lots found today. Some additions were made, such as the greenhouse and garage on the gatehouse, and one of the carriage bays in that house was closed off. The property left the Dick family but has remained private residences, with minimal alteration since those modifications.</p><br>
<p>In 1993 the pictured "gatehouse" and contiguous property was purchased by S.T.B. Jablonski, a New York City S.E.C. registered investment advisor; from Mr. and Mrs. Donald Trost, through McCaffrey Realty of Cold Spring, N.Y. In 1994, it was discovered that the residence had been infested for decades with a substantial colonization of bats; which had not been disclosed and intentionally hidden by the sellers and their real estate agents, in order to accomplish sale of the property. In 1996 Jablonski filed suit against the sellers and their agents, for rescission of the purchase. Although terms of the settlement cannot be disclosed, the property was transferred in 2005 to the ownership of the wife of the attorney who represented the real estate agents. Prior to this lawsuit, New York had been a</p><br>
<p>caveat emptor (buyer beware) state with respect to real estate transactions. The lawsuit "Jablonski versus Trost, McCaffrey, Piermarini</p><br>
<p>et al", has resulted in significant changes protecting buyers from fraudulent concealment by sellers and their agents.</p><br>
<p>The Donnersberg is the highest peak of the Palatinate  region of Germany. The mountain lies between the towns of Rockenhausen en Kirchheimbolanden, in the Donnersbergkreis district, which is named after the mountain. The highway A63 runs along the southern edge of the Donnersberg. European walking route E8 runs across the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The highest point of the Donnersberg is the rock Königstuhl ("king&#39;s seat") at 687 metres above sea level. The mountain has a diameter of about 7 kilometres and covers an area of some 2,400 hectares. The Donnersberg was formed by volcanic activity during the Permian, in the transition period between the lower and upper Rotliegend strata.</p><br>
<p>The name Donnersberg is thought to refer to Donar, the Germanic god of thunder, a theory supported by the fact that the Romans dubbed the Donnersberg Mons Jovis after their god of thunder, Jupiter. According to other theories, the name of the mountain was derived from the Celtic dunum (meaning "mountain") or from the name of a Celtic deity, Taranis.</p><br>
<p>During the Celtic La Tène period, around 150 BC, an important settlement (oppidum) was built on the Donnersberg, covering some 240 hectares. Part of the wall (Keltenwall) surrounding this settlement has been reconstructed. Archeological excavations are ongoing.</p><br>
<p>In the Middle Ages, five castles surrounded the strategically placed mountain: Tannenfels, Wildenstein, Hohenfels, Falkenstein and Ruppertsecken. Today, only ruins remain of these five castles.</p><br>
<p>About 900 metres east of the Königstuhl rock, a 27 metres tall tower was constructed in 1864-1865, the Ludwigsturm. After World War II, a radio mast for the largest USA radio station in western Europe was placed on the Donnersberg. In the early 1960s, a new communications tower was constructed, stretching over 200 metres.</p><br>
<p>The Donnersbergbahn is a railway line that runs from Alzey to Kirchheimbolanden. The line originally ran even further, to Marnheim, but on March 20, 1945, the Pfrimmtalviadukt railway bridge between Kirchheimbolanden and Marnheim was destroyed by withdrawing German troops, and it has not been rebuilt since.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>(German)</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Seabreeze is a beachside neighborhood in Daytona Beach, Florida, which existed as an independent city from May 24, 1901 until January 1, 1926, when it merged with Daytona and Daytona Beach to become one consolidated city.</p><br>
<p>Seabreeze has been memorialized as the Seabreeze Historic District, a USA Historic District (designated as such on September 3, 1998). The district is bounded by University Boulevard, Halifax Road, Auditorium Boulevard, and North Atlantic Avenue. It contains 596 historic buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1884 David D. Rogers bought 47 acre of land on the beach peninsula, east of Daytona, stretching from present-day Main Street on the north to Harvey Street on the south, and from the Atlantic Ocean on the east, to Pinewood Cemetery on the west. Rogers divided the property into lots for sale and named the development Seabreeze.</p><br>
<p>In 1885, Charles A. Ballough built a homestead north of the Rogers development, roughly from the present-day Oakridge Boulevard, stretching north to the present University Boulevard. In 1886, Charles H. Brush built a homestead on 60 acre of land between the Rogers and Ballough properties, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean on the east and about halfway across the peninsula. In 1888, Brush sold half of his property, which was developed into a subdivision.</p><br>
<p>In 1886, a post office named Halifax was established on the peninsula, located on the riverfront near present-day Main Street. In 1890, the Post Office Department changed the name of this post office to Seabreeze to match the name of Rogers&#39; development.</p><br>
<p>In 1887, the first bridge was opened across the Halifax River from Daytona to the peninsula. It was called the Central Bridge (named the Main Street Bridge today, carrying CR 4040) and connected Fairview Ave. in Daytona to Seabreeze Ave. (named Main St. today), in old Daytona Beach.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, Col. C. C. Post and his wife, Helen Wilmans Post, bought half of Ballough&#39;s property, which they turned into another development, and would later become the core of the town of Seabreeze. They opened Ocean Boulevard (today named Seabreeze Blvd.) from Valley St. (today named Halifax Ave.) to the ocean and paved it with marl. Col. Post built a store, an opera house, a printing office, and a residence for his family. Mrs. Post founded a school of “Mental Science” and began publishing a paper named “Freedom,” on the subject.</p><br>
<p>The volume of mail connected with the “Mental Science” activities had grown so much, that by 1897, the Post Office Department decided to move the Seabreeze post office north to Ocean Blvd. The moving of “their” post office greatly upset the residents living around Seabreeze Ave., who petitioned the Post Office Department for a new post office. The request was granted in 1898, and a new post office was granted with the name of Goodall (named after Congressman Ernest Goodall of Maine), also located at the corner of Valley St. (Halifax Ave.) and Seabreeze Ave. (Main St.).</p><br>
<h3>Incorporation</h3><br>
<p>On May 24, 1901, the citizens living in the Seabreeze post office area voted to incorporate the development. They elected Col. C. C. Post as the first mayor, chose five town council members and other officials. Mrs. Post promoted the new town as "City Beautiful."</p><br>
<p>In 1902, a bridge was constructed from Ocean Blvd. in Seabreeze to Mason Ave. on the mainland, at the northern border of Daytona. Originally called the North Bridge, it later became known as the Seabreeze Bridge.</p><br>
<p>On January 28, 1905, the residents around the Goodall post office assembled to discuss the matter of incorporation. Several meetings followed, until on March 23, 1905, and election meeting was held where 41 votes were cast for incorporation as Daytona Beach. The first mayor was E. E. Johnson. The dividing line between Daytona Beach and Seabreeze was located roughly at today&#39;s Auditorium Blvd.</p><br>
<h3>Consolidation</h3><br>
<p>In 1925, representatives of Daytona, Daytona Beach, and Seabreeze met to discuss merger of the tri-cities. On Jan. 1, 1926, a consolidated City of Daytona Beach replaced the three smaller municipalities.</p><br>
<p>Festungsberg is a mountain in the city of Salzburg, Salzburgerland, Austria. Its summit at about 542 m is the site of Hohensalzburg Castle.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is located in the south of the Altstadt or Old Town quarter. It forms the northern rim of the Berchtesgaden range within the Northern Limestone Alps.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological findings date back to the Celtic La Tène culture. The area was fortified during the days of the Roman above the city of Iuvavum until King Odoacer of Italy commanded to leave the Province of Noricum in 488. About 715 Bishop Rupert of Salzburg established the Benedictine Nonnberg Abbey at the eastern foot of the mountain. Archbishop Gebhard had a first castle built at the top during the Investiture Controversy about 1077. Formerly used for grassland or for vineyard cultivation by the monks of St Peter&#39;s Abbey, the slopes are nowadays mostly wooded.</p><br>
<p>The George H. Gallup House built in 1901 is an historic octagonal house located at 703 South Chestnut Street in Jefferson, Iowa, United States. It was the birthplace and boyhood home of Dr. George Horace Gallup, the pioneer of public opinion polling. On July 18, 1985, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>George H. Gallup was committed to the octagon house, having built three of them. The first was built in 1893 on North Elm Street in Jefferson. It featured Queen Anne detailing, and it was somewhat asymmetrical because of its porch and bay placement. He sold this house in 1899 and began building a second one. Gallup began building his third and final octagon house in 1901 and completed it the following year. It was in this house that his son George was born and raised. The 2½-story frame house is built on a rubble coursed stone foundation. Its eight sides are 16 ft wide and covered with clapboard siding. The house is capped with a truncated octagonal roof. It has been recently renovated and is available for rent to individuals and groups.</p><br>
<p>The Mumbwa Caves are an archeological site in Zambia. The site has yielded artifacts that date from the Mesolithic, Neolithic and the Iron Age. The caves are a source of stratified, in situ deposits with faunal and human remains. Mumbwa, with its interior structures, demonstrates the complexity of the behavioral abilities of the people from the Mesolithic. Selection of raw materials along with features such as hearths suggests a population which was modern in its behaviors used to inhabit the Mumbwa Caves. Study and excavation of the Mumbwa Caves is helping to fill in the gaps in the late Pleistocene prehistory of south central Africa.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Macrae 1926; Clark 1942; Savage 1983.</p><br>
<p>In 1931, Dart and Del Grande excavated the caves and discovered intact basal deposits which were used to date the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, Lawrence Barham gathered a team represented by the Zambian National Heritage Conservation Commission, the Livingstone Museum and the Universities of Bristol and Oxford to assess the extent of intact basal deposits discovered by Dart and Del Grande.</p><br>
<h2>Artifacts</h2><br>
<p>A 62,614 lithics were recovered in 1994. 3,171 were from the Iron Age deposit, 16,939 from the LSA (Late Stone Age) and 40,060 from the upper MSA (Middle Stone Age) sequence. Several general patterns have been observed from these artifacts. It is evident that there are patterns within the raw materials used, the manipulation of manuports and in the production of bone tools. Hearths and windbreaks have been found at Mumbwa and are evidence of the emergence of complex Middle Stone Age behaviors being used by past people of Mumbwa. Windbreaks bend away from the tunnel and would have protected the occupants of the cave and their hearths from the east to west winds. Microfauna found at the site indicates dry conditions at the time of occupation.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>There are two main classes of features that can be found at the Mumbwa Caves site. Hearths and windbreaks are two features which are distinctive of the Mumbwa Middle Stone Age. The hearths found in Areas I and II, have stone borders consisting of cave dolomite blocks and material transported from local landscape, including quartz cobbles, phyllite, sandstone and cobbles of haematite. Area I contains one of the best preserved windbreaks on the Mumbwa Caves site. It is distinguished by a semi-circular arc of ash, sediment, quartz debitage and animal bone.</p><br>
<p>Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church is located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States. The congregation was established in either 1870 or 1871, which makes this the oldest historically African American church in the city. It had 23 pastors from its inception to 1928, which followed the African Methodist Episcopal Churchs practice of itinerant pastors. The congregation grew slowly over this same period. Many African Americans came to Cedar Rapids after the coal industry in Southern Iowa began to collapse. The Rev. Benjamin Horace Lucas, who became pastor here in 1928, was also a catalyst for growth in the congregation. Completed in 1931, this brick Colonial Revival structure replaced a wood frame structure from 1876. Since its completion, it has served the social and religious needs of the community. It is one of the few surviving links to Cedar Rapids early African American community as this neighborhood has been nearly obliterated by the development of Mercy Medical Center. The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Linden Depot is a historic train station located at Linden, Montgomery County, Indiana. In 1852 the New Albany and Salem Railroad  Railroad cut through Montgomery County, Indiana. The old stage road between Crawfordsville and Linden was given to the railroad as an inducement to get them to build through Linden. 1852 also saw the building of the first Linden depot, on a site behind the present day Post Office. The building was moved to the current location in 1881 when the Toledo, St. Louis and Western Railroad was built through Linden, crossing the Monon at this location.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Located in the disused Monon Railroad Station, the Linden Museum is run by the Linden-Madison Twp. Historical Society. The museum is a joint venture between the Linden-Madison Twp. Historical Society and the Monon Railroad Historical/Technical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Brook Road Historic District is located on both sides of that street&#39;s intersection with US 9 east of Garrison, New York, United States. Its 30 acre contain 15 buildings, all but two of which are considered contributing properties to its historic character.</p><br>
<p>From the late 18th to mid-20th century, the area was a rural hamlet known first as Warrens and later as Nelson&#39;s Corner. Unlike most other such small country settlements, it has survived industrialization and the automobile era with its basic plan, and most of its buildings, relatively intact. In 1993, the area was designated a historic district and added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district consists of two irregularly shaped areas along unpaved Indian Brook Road joined by a narrow corridor along the brief, paved section of Route 9 that connects them. These boundaries reflect the extent of Nelson&#39;s Corner during its peak period of growth in the late 19th century. They include all of ten separate lots.</p><br>
<p>The land in the district is heavily wooded, with tall trees shading the buildings within, mostly frame houses and supporting structures no higher than two stories. Indian Brook, the tributary of the Hudson River that lends its name to the district, closely parallels the road and is even partially included as a contributing property, due to an early mill pond&#39;s location along it. The entire area is amid the lesser hills of the Hudson Highlands.</p><br>
<p>On the east side of US 9, the district takes in a small portion of Old Albany Post Road, the only contributing property separately listed on the Register as an important early local transportation route and one of the oldest dirt roads still in use in the United States. At this junction is the Bird and Bottle Inn, a surviving tavern from the early days of Nelson&#39;s Corner that incorporates a small portion of the original building. The west goes as far as a former intersection known as "The Bend" and includes a large lot that climbs the slopes of Cat Hill to the northwest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>Around the time of the Revolution, Samuel Warrens home in the area became well-known enough as a rest stop along the Albany Post Road for "Warrens" to appear on maps. In the early 19th century, his son John leased, and built a farm on, 411 acre that include the entire current historic district. His house, on the future site of the Bird and Bottle, was also open as a tavern for travelers. Johns brother Samuel Jr. also built a house for his family on the property, just west of the highway. Both are prominent features of the district, built in the vernacular style common among Americans of English descent at that time.</p><br>
<p>In 1804, the Highlands Turnpike, a more level alternative route to the Post Road currently followed by US 9, was opened. At the hamlet, it deviated slightly from the current alignment, following Indian Brook down to a four-way junction known as the Bend, where a now-abandoned roadway went south over the brook to rejoin the road still in use.</p><br>
<p>Warren was not able to buy his land outright until 1821, when a compensation claim by the heirs of Frederick Philipse, the local landowner whose holdings had been confiscated by the state for his Loyalist sympathies during the war, was settled on the condition that all leaseholds be abolished.</p><br>
<p>Sometime in the early 19th century (the exact date is not known), John Warren dammed Indian Brook to create a mill and pond as a way of increasing the economic worth of his property. This began to make the farm into a settlement rather than just a rest stop on a long highway, as the other three houses in the district were built during this period. They show the influence of the Federal style popular in the new nation at the time. Samuel Warren&#39;s house was also enlarged during this period, and the sections of the brook nearby were channelized to control flooding</p><br>
<p>The Warren brothers both died in the mid-1830s. After a series of transactions that briefly took Johns property out of the family, by 1854 it was back in the family, owned by his son-in-law John Nelson. Samuels home remained in his descendants&#39; hands for another four decades.</p><br>
<p>John Nelson closed the tavern, since the rise of the railroads had diverted much of the traffic once handled by the Post Road to the riverside, and used the building as his family residence. Maps now named the area Nelson&#39;s Corner. He continued to operate the mill. A school was built in 1844, but other than that there were few changes to the hamlet in the late 19th century, as the focus of the economy had moved elsewhere with the rise of industry.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, another transportation shift brought travelers back to the hamlet. Automobiles became more common, and adventurous drivers ventured down long-neglected rural roads in search of interesting places like Nelsons Corner. Route 9 was designated and paved in 1912, and once again Nelsons Corner was a stop on a long road between New York City and Albany. The state cut a new section of Route 9 that bypassed the Bend, making passage through the hamlet easier for travelers and also helping to preserve the hamlet buildings on that side of the new highway.</p><br>
<p>Roadside businesses flourished on the new road for a time. In 1939, John Warren&#39;s old tavern was expanded in the Colonial Revival style that had already been applied to other buildings in the hamlet, and reopened as the Bird and Bottle. After World War II, the state built limited-access roads like the Taconic State Parkway and the New York State Thruway that made the trip up the Hudson Valley faster and took much of the traffic off Route 9 again.</p><br>
<p>Many of those who had visited the area were city residents, and some were drawn to move to the area at least part-time, a trend that had begun with the large estates built in the area during the late 19th century. In the late 20th century, with easier auto and rail access, this led to the suburbanization of eastern Putnam County. Some of this development has occurred near the district, but not in it. It remains very similar to the place it was in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Woodburn or the Woodburn Plantation is an antebellum house near Pendleton in Anderson County, South Carolina. It is at 130 History Lane just off of USA 76. It was built as a summer home by Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Woodburn was named to the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1970. It also is part of the Pendleton Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although some indicate that Woodburn was built in the early 19th century, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (1789–1865) was a son of Thomas Pinckney. He was named for his uncle Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, who was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The younger Pinckney was lieutenant governor of South Carolina from 1832 to 1834.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Pinckney, a brother of Charles, built his summer home "Altamont" in Pendleton. This house no longer exists. In 1828, Charles Pinckney purchased land in the Pendleton area. He constructed Woodburn around 1830.</p><br>
<p>In 1852, Charles Pinckney sold Woodburn to David S. Taylor, who resold it to John Bailey Adger. Dr. Adger had been a Presbyterian missionary in Smyrna and Constantinople. Adger sold Woodburn to his brother Joseph E. Adger in 1858. It was bought by Augustine T. Smythe in 1881, who developed it into a model livestock farm with purebred cattle and race horses.</p><br>
<p>William Frederick Calhoun Owen purchased the land in 1911, but he lost it through mortgage foreclosure in 1930. It was later sold to John Frank. Later it was acquired by the USA government and then by Clemson College. It is currently owned by the Pendleton Historic Foundation.</p><br>
<p>Jane Edna Hunter, an African-American social worker, was born in 1882 to sharecropper parents on the Woodburn Plantation. She went on to establish the Phillis Wheatley Association in Cleveland, which was named to honor Phillis Wheatley, a Revolutionary era African-American poet.</p><br>
<p>Woodburn is now a museum home run by the Pendleton Historic Foundation. It is open Sunday and Saturday afternoons from April to October. Eighteen furnished rooms on three floors can be viewed. Adjacent to Woodburn is the Pendleton District Agricultural Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original house was constructed around 1830 and enlarged in 1850. A widow&#39;s walk at the top of the house was removed in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The house is a -story frame house on a full, raised basement. The house was covered in clapboards. The house is a "Charleston-type" house built to take advantage of summer breezes. It has two-story porch or veranda that wraps around three sides of the house. There are two sets of stairs leading from ground level to the first floor. These lead through French doors to either the parlor or the drawing room. Some of the second floor windows have hinged panels below to allow access to the veranda.</p><br>
<p>The rooms have high ceilings. Most of the interior walls are covered with 10 in horizontal boards. The full basement has a warming kitchen and a dining room that is relatively cool on hot summer days.</p><br>
<p>Exterior and interior pictures and floor plans prior to its restoration are available.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri Theater and the Missouri Theater Building adjoin each other in St. Joseph, Missouri. The Missouri Theater was built as a cinema in the atmospheric style, using a combination of Art Deco and Moorish detailing. The Missouri Theater Building was built as a companion, and both were completed in July 1927.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri Theater was designed by noted theater architects Boller Brothers of Kansas City, Missouri, with sculpture by Waylande Gregory. It was constructed by the Capital Building Company of Lincoln, Nebraska for local attorney and promoter Joseph Goldman. The theater has a single balcony that looks over a house designed to resemble an open tented courtyard, decorated with details borrowed from Assyrian and Persian architecture. While the theater was principally designed for movies, it could also be used for live performances, with dressing rooms, a fly loft and an orchestra pit. It also featured a Wurlitzer theater organ.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri Theater operated as a cinema until 1970. For the next few years it operated as a community theater, and was purchased by a community group in 1976. In 1978 the city of St. Joseph bought the theater for use as a performing arts center. The theater and office building were placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is located in the St. Joseph&#39;s Commerce and Banking Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The theater was renovated in 2002. A 1960s canopy was removed and the marquee was restored.</p><br>
<p>The López Residence  is a historic house in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. Built in 1914, this one-story, Neoclassical structure is architecturally significant as a typical urban residence for a well-to-do Puerto Rican family in the early 20th century, and as one of the most important remaining works by architect Manuel Gómez Tejera. Notable architectural elements of the house include its five slender, octagonal Corinthian columns, recessed ceiling panels on the balcony, ornate cast-iron balcony ornamentation, native ceramic tile floors, rooftop balcony, four louvered wooden doors with scrollwork frames facing the street, and filigreed interior arches supported by turned and octagonal columns. It faces the 1925 District Courthouse across Progreso Street, forming a historic Neoclassical set.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Winnebago County Courthouse in Forest City, Iowa, United States, is a historic building and active courthouse. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Because early county records were destroyed in a 1861 fire it is difficult to determine where court proceedings were held in Winnebago County&#39;s early years. County voters petitioned for a $20,000 courthouse to be built, but little work was done on the building. The county Board of Supervisors eventually decided the courthouse plans were too extravagant, and a smaller, less expensive structure was built. The courts determined that the Board of Supervisors had acted inappropriately and was still responsible for the bonds. They settled for $3,500 in compensation for the construction. The present Romanesque Revival style building was completed in 1896 for about $25,000. Funds were raised through local subscriptions.</p><br>
<p>Alston-DeGraffenried Plantation or Alston-DeGraffenried House is a historic property located in Chatham County, North Carolina, near Pittsboro, North Carolina. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and includes a plantation house built between about 1810 and 1825, and its surrounding agricultural fields. The property was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and the listed area was increased in 1993. The house and the surrounding land are identified as a national historic district.</p><br>
<p>The district encompasses seven contributing buildings, two contributing sites, and one contributing structure. They include the main house, kitchen, pig boiling pit, four-seat privy, smokehouse, two-seat privy, corn crib, small barn, well shelter, and the surrounding landscape. The main house is a two-story, five bay, Georgian/ Federal style dwelling. It sits on a raised brick basement and has a tall hipped roof. It has a full-width Victorian porch and a number of one-story rear additions.</p><br>
<p>The house was built for Delia Alston by her father, Joseph John "Chatham Jack" Alston, at the time of Delia&#39;s marriage to John Baker DeGraffenried. It was one of six homes that Alston, one of the largest landowners and slaveowners in the area, built for his children. He also built nearby Aspen Hall.</p><br>
<p>The house was actually built by Joseph John (Chatham Jack) Alston for his eldest son, John Jones Alston (1792-1842), who married Adaline Williams (1805-1885). It later passed to their daughter, Delia (1829-1914), upon the death of Adaline in 1885. Note that Delia was not the daughter of Chatham Jack as stated above; she was his granddaughter. Delia married John Baker DeGraffenriedt (1823-1899; note that correct spelling differs from title of this article). The house and plantation became known as the "DeGraffenriedt" house, but it should be known as the "John Jones and Adaline Williams Alston" house.</p><br>
<p>John Blue House in Laurinburg, North Carolina was built in 1895. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1978.</p><br>
<p>A unique example of Steamboat Gothic architecture, the John Blue House provides a glimpse into the past of the rural Carolinas. The home features 12 exterior doors, each with its own stained glass light above. The house has nine fireplaces and rare double circular porches.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding grounds include a grove of pecan trees and a collection of structures that tell the story of a different time in the region. These structures include, three authentic log cabins, a restored pre-Civil War cotton gin, and a restored country store.</p><br>
<p>The grounds are always open and are used to host numerous festivals throughout the year; most notably the Storytelling Festival of Carolina, the Scotland County Highland Games and the John Blue Cotton Festival.</p><br>
<p>John Blue Cotton Festival -- The John Blue Cotton Festival is held the second weekend of October. It traditionally draws over 10,000 visitors. This "old timey" event features crafts, antique collections, "hit and miss" engines, entertainment, food, and demonstrations of 19th century games and farming practices.</p><br>
<p>Farmville Historic District is a national historic district located at Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia. It encompasses 246 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of Farmville. It includes a variety of commercial, residential, institutional, and industrial buildings dating from the mid-19th to early-20th centuries. Notable buildings include the Paulett-Gill house , Farmville Presbyterian Church , Johns Memorial Episcopal Church , Farmville Methodist Church , former Hotel Weyanoke , the warehouses of the Dunnington Tobacco Company and Central Virginia Processing, Inc., the former Craddock-Terry Shoe Company, the former Cunningham and Company tobacco prizery, Norfolk and Western Railroad passenger station , Doyne Building , the Watkins M. Abbitt Federal Building , Prince Edward County Courthouse, and the former Farmville High School . Located in the district is the separately listed First Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Kjerringberget is a hill located in the Lade area in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The small mountain is about 45 m above sea level. Ladestien, which goes from Ladehammeren to Rotvoll, crosses Kjerringberget. The top of Kjerringberget provides a view over western Trondheim, Munkholmen, Trondheim Fjord, and Fosen.</p><br>
<p>Kjerringberget partly consists of green rocks formed when subterranean magma solidified after flowing out and coming into contact with water, forming pillow lavas. These lavas were later cross-cut by intrusions of trondhjemite. Bymarka west of Trondheim also has similar geological structures, both forming part of the early Ordovician Bymarka ophiolite.</p><br>
<p>Kjerringberget also has some connections to World War II. Stone from Kjerringberget was used to build a mole in Korsvika. The mole was never finished because the war ended prior to its completion.</p><br>
<p>The Coudersport and Port Allegany Railroad Station  is a railroad station in Coudersport, Pennsylvania in the United States. It was built by the Coudersport and Port Allegany Railroad in 1899 and opened in January 1900 during the lumber industry boom in Potter County. When the lumber ran out, the railroad&#39;s business decreased and in 1964 the line and station were purchased by the Wellsville, Addison and Galeton Railroad. The station was abandoned in 1970 and was unoccupied until 1975, when the borough of Coudersport purchased it. The borough restored it and put a new roof on, then used the building for office space. The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1976.</p><br>
<p>The structure is red brick and sandstone, with a central portion and two wings. The center is stories tall, each wing is stories. The depot has a bellcast gable roof all the way around on the ground floor and a second on much of the second story. it serves as the office building for the borough government of Coudersport, and is the only remaining structure from the Coudersport and Port Allegany Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Potter County was formed from part of Lycoming County on March 26, 1804. Coudersport was settled in 1807 and incorporated as a borough from Eulalia Township in 1848. Coudersport has served as the county seat of Potter County since 1835. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>The original plan for a railroad along the Allegheny River between Coudersport and Port Allegany was as a part of the Jersey Shore, Pine Creek and Buffalo Railway (JSPC&B), which was incorporated on February 17, 1870. The JSPC&B was originally planned to run from the vicinity of Williamsport west to Jersey Shore, then north up Pine Creek and down the Allegheny River past Coudersport and west to Port Allegany, as part of a larger route to Buffalo, New York. The Panic of 1873 stopped work, although some grading of the proposed line was performed in 1874 and 1875.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1880s the route along the Allegheny River was sold and in October 1882 the narrow gauge Coudersport and Port Allegany Railroad opened on the 17 mi line between Coudersport and Port Allegany. The railroad was converted to standard gauge in 1889 and six years later the line was extended east to Newfield Junction (where it connected with the Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad) and then on to a new eastern terminus at Ulysses, where it linked with the Fall Brook Railway. This became part of the New York Central Railroad system in 1899, and a year later the western terminus at Port Allegany connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad, so the Coudersport and Port Allegany Railroad connected the two major rail lines in that part of Pennsylvania. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>The Coudersport and Port Allegany Railroad began construction on a new station in 1899 and opened it in January 1900. The basic station building cost $6,000, with another $2,000 to $4,000 spent on plumbing and other amenities. Coudersport&#39;s population grew from 1,525 in 1890 to 3,217 in 1900, and this was also when the lumber industry was at its height. The lumber industry declined soon after, and in 1924 the line to Ulysses was abandoned. The western 9 mi of the line to Port Allegany were destroyed in a 1942 flood and the railroad connected to other lines only through Newfield Junction. In 1964 the railroad was purchased by the Wellsville, Addison and Galeton Railroad, which finally abandoned it and the station on December 8, 1970. The borough of Coudersport bought the station in 1975 and restored it, adding a new roof. The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1976. As of 2009 it serves as the police station and office building for the borough government of Coudersport, and is the only remaining structure from the Coudersport and Port Allegany Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Coudersport and Port Allegany Railroad Station is built of red brick and local sandstone. The walls are made with a course of sandstone 3 ft tall at the base, with the rest brick; there are two brick chimneys on either end of the central section. The building has a center section which is two and a half stories tall and two wings, one on each end, each one and half stories tall. The station is 100 ft long, with a width of 30 ft in the main section and 20 ft in each wing. The first story windows and doors have semi-circular arches at the top, while the second story windows are rectangular. There is a bellcast gable roof that goes all the way around the center section and both wings of the first story, and a second bellcast gable roof goes most of the way around the second story.</p><br>
<p>Originally the first story of the central section was the ticket office and waiting area, with a waiting room for women in one wing, and a room for baggage in the other wing. The second story had a two small private offices, a large office "for the superintendent and his assistants", and two small storage rooms. The third story of the center section was for storage. The building was built with both electric and gas lighting, and gas heat.</p><br>
<p>The Coudersport Historic District is a historic district in Coudersport, the county seat of Potter County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The district encompasses 73 contributing buildings. Coudersport is in a narrow valley on the Allegheny River and was a boom town when the lumber industry cut the white pine and hemlock forests in the county. Much of the borough&#39;s Victorian era architecture stems from this time, and when the lumber was exhausted by the early 20th century, the borough declined in population and economically, preserving many of the historic structures. The district is centered on the Courthouse Square and notable buildings include the Park United Methodist Church , Presbyterian Church , Episcopal Church , Old Hickory Tavern, and Coudersport Consistory complex. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>The Coudersport Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 1985. The Potter County Courthouse added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 24, 1975, is within the district.</p><br>
<p>Lake Abashiri is a lake in Abashiri, Hokkaidō, Japan. It is located in Abashiri Quasi-National Park. The Abashiri and Memanbetsu Rivers flow into the lake. Water exits the lake through the Abashiri River again and flows 7 km to the Sea of Okhotsk.</p><br>
<h2>History and formation</h2><br>
<p>From core samples taken from the lake bed, the lake basin appears to have first formed some 20,000 years ago during the last period of glaciation. During the last 6000 years, the Abashiri River carved out the lake bed. Artifacts from the Jōmon period have been found in the area around the Memanbetsu River. In modern times, the course of the Abashiri River has been straightened to provide for irrigation resulting in a serious siltation problem for the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Freezing and salinity</h2><br>
<p>The lake freezes over from December to April with ice up to a meter thick. The reduced inflow of water during the winter season causes saltwater to flow upstream from the Sea of Okhotsk and into the lake. This influx of saltwater has created a layer of water with 10,000 ppm of chlorine, 10 m below the surface of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The wakasagi (Hypomesus nipponensis) is common in the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St John the Baptist in Axbridge, Somerset, England was built in the 13th century and has been designated as a grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>Work on the current building began in the early 15th century, and grew from an earlier building dating back to about 1230. The church is built of limestone and decorated with Doulting stone, while the steps are an interesting example of Dolomitic Conglomerate (pudding stone).</p><br>
<p>The crossing tower, which was built around 1400, is over 100 ft high, and holds six bells, one of which dating from 1723 was made by Edward Bilbie of the Bilbie family. The statue on the east side is that of St John the Baptist. On the west side is a king — perhaps Henry VII, which would place it after 1485. The North aisle ceiling retains some mediaeval painted panels, and amongst the carved bosses is the head of a Green Man, with leaves sprouting around his face. The nave roof is Jacobean and dates from 1636.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St Mary & All Saints in Broomfield, Somerset, England was built in the 15th and 16th centuries and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The south chancel wall was built around 1320.</p><br>
<p>The three-stage tower was built around 1440. It includes a bell by George Purdue dating from 1606.</p><br>
<p>The church contains the laboratory table of Andrew Crosse, of the nearby Fyne Court on which he carried out electrical experiments and an obelisk in his memory is in the churchyard. Also inside the church is a 16th-century chest and 15th-century octoagonal font.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican parish is part of the benefice of West Monkton with Kingston St Mary, Broomfield and Cheddon Fitzpaine within the archdeaconry of Taunton.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St Mary is the parish church of Cannington, Somerset, England.</p><br>
<h2>Church building</h2><br>
<p>The church has a tower which dates from the 14th century, the remainder was rebuilt in the early 15th century and restored in 1840 by Richard Carver.</p><br>
<p>It has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The nave was built between 1375 and 1400, however the tower remains from the previous church. The pulpit is from the 15th century. Buriels and memorials in the church are to the family of John Pym.</p><br>
<h2>Church history</h2><br>
<p>The church was linked to Cannington Priory from the Middle Ages. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the living was under the patronage of the manor of Cannington. In 1685, it was held by Elizabeth, Baroness Clifford, later by Oxford University, and eventually by the Bishop of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<p>It was previously connected to Cannington Court and is postulated as the former church of a house of Benedictine Nuns. The nuns arrived in Cannington after fleeing from the French Revolution.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Cannington, Otterhampton, Combwich and Stockland within the Quantock deanery.</p><br>
<p>The C. Brewer Building at 827 Fort Street in Honolulu, Hawaii was built in 1930 to be the headquarters of C. Brewer & Co., the smallest of Hawaii&#39;s Big Five corporations. The intimate, almost residential design was begun by Bertram Goodhue and completed by Hardie Phillip. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 2 April 1980.</p><br>
<p>Built of reinforced concrete in a Mediterranean Revival style, with cut sandstone and stucco and plaster finish, a walled garden, and second-floor balconies, it also features a tiled, double-pitched "Dickey roof" with wide eaves to protect against sun and rain. The modest decorations</p><br>
<p>symbolized the business of the C. Brewer Company: wrought iron railings represent sugar cane, and light fixtures were designed to resemble of sugar cubes.</p><br>
<p>After closing down the sugar business and diversifying into other agricultural products and spinning off its real-estate business, the company moved to Hilo, Hawaii on the Big Island of Hawaii in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The building now houses the statewide headquarters of the Hawaii Community Foundation ( which moved into the building in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Newport Pagnell Canal was a 1.25 mile canal that ran from the Grand Junction Canal at Great Linford to Newport Pagnell through seven locks. Construction was authorised by an Act of Parliament in June 1814 and it probably opened in 1817. It closed in 1864, with part of the route used for the line of a railway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Junction Canal was planned in 1791, to provide a direct link between Braunston on the Oxford Canal and London. This led to a flurry of canal proposals in 1792 and 1793, all based on the assumption that the Grand Junction would be built. The route was authorised by an Act of Parliament on 30 April 1793, and the first proposal for a branch from it to Newport Pagnell was made in that year. James Barnes, who had made the first survey for the Grand Junction, also carried out a survey for the Newport Pagnell branch, but the committee for the main canal declined to build it once they had read the report.</p><br>
<p>On 2 January 1813, a meeting was held at the Swan Inn in Newport Pagnell, which proposed the building of a canal, using the original powers of the Grand Junction Canal, or the construction of a railway along a similar route, which would have required an Act of Parliament. The Grand Junction Canal again refused to construct the branch, and the idea of a railway was dropped. Instead, a meeting held on 20 August 1813 decided to apply for an Act of Parliament to authorise the branch, and the Act was granted in June 1814. The route was surveyed by Benjamin Beven, who was working for the Grand Junction Canal, and work began in early 1815. The canal took two years to build and opened in early 1817. It was 1.25 mi long, and the level fell by 50.75 ft through seven locks as it ran from Great Linford to Newport Pagnell. Although the Grand Junction was built for wide-beam boats, the locks were built to the same dimensions as those on the Northampton Branch, and were 72 by.</p><br>
<p>The cost of the project was around £14,200, which included ornamentation where the canal passed through ground belonging to the Rev. W. Uthwatt. The main cargo was coal, brought from Shipley on the Nutbrook Canal and Moira on the Ashby Canal for sale in Newport Pagnelll and the surrounding region. This accounted for some 7,500 tons per year, and another 2,500 tons were made up of lime, manure, bricks and other cargos. Tolls were very high, and were still being maintained at 9 pence (4p) for the length of the canal when tolls on the neighbouring Grand Junction were less than 1 penny (0.4p) per mile. This allowed dividends to be paid throughout the life of the canal, which averaged 2.7 per cent, but reached 6 per cent in 1845, the year in which the canal carried its greatest volume of 14,887 tons.</p><br>
<h2>Expansion</h2><br>
<p>While the canal was being promoted, the committee had in mind that it might be possible to extend the canal to Olney, and to connect to the River Great Ouse by building a link to Bedford. Once the canal was opened, a survey was commissioned by Lord St. John. This proposed a canal for 20-ton boats, from Newport Pagnell via Tyringham, Sharnbrook and St Neots, where it would join the Ouse. The proposal also included a branch to Kimbolton, but no further action was taken. The idea of a link between the canal and the upper Ouse was revived in 1838, but again, no action was taken.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>In 1845 an approach was made to buy the canal by the London and North Western Railway. The offer was turned down but in 1862 the canal was sold to the Newport Pagnell Railway for £9,000, despite opposition from the Grand Junction, the Oxford Canal, and the collieries at Moira and Shipley. An Act of Parliament authorising the takeover was obtained in 1863, the canal closed in August 1864, and it was partially built upon by the railway. At Newport Pagnell, the railway re-used several of the warehouses and most of Shipley Wharf.</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>The canal left the Grand Junction Canal just to the east of Lindford Wharf Bridge, and ran along a relatively straight course eastwards to Newport Pagnell. The locks appear to have been the main engineering features, as there were no significant roads which crossed the course. Although the 1881 Ordnance Survey map shows the railway, rather than the canal, there were no crossings, and this remained the case in 1925. Even today, there are only two routes which cross the path of the canal. The first is the M1 motorway, which was built while the railway was still open, while Brickhill Street was not built until after the railway had closed. The two lock pounds immediately below Great Linford Wharf were depicted on Ordnance Survey maps until 1968, but disappeared after that.</p><br>
<p>The location at which the canal joined the Grand Junction Canal, which has been part of the Grand Union Canal since amalgamation in 1929, is marked by a large winding hole close to Linford Wharf Bridge.</p><br>
<p>A pub at the entrance to the canal was popular among boatmen until it closed in the 1960s. A section of the Newport Pagnell basin wall was discovered during the redevelopment of the railway station site.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Hōlualoa Bay is a historic area between Kailua-Kona and Keauhou Bay in the Kona District of the Big Island of Hawaii. The community now called Hōlualoa is uphill  from this bay.</p><br>
<p>The name means "long slide" in the Hawaiian Language, from the long trail that went from a forest on the slopes of Hualālai (where the village is now), to a site where the logs were made into canoes (on the grounds of Sadie Seymour Botanical Gardens) into this bay where a large royal building complex was built over several centuries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Keakealaniwahine, one of the first known Alii Aimoku wahine ("Queens") of the entire island of Hawaii, built a large complex of buildings here in the seventeenth century, with the area settled several hundred years before that.</p><br>
<p>The royal complex included residential areas, as well as Heiaus (ancient temples) called Hikapaia (for plentiful food and fish) and Hualani (for teaching about medicinal herbs), and burial areas.</p><br>
<p>Keakamahana, the mother of Keakealaniwahine, was the first named royalty to live here.</p><br>
<p>This area (uphill or mauka of Alii drive) was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 8, 2005, as the Holualoa 4 Archeological District with site number 05000542.</p><br>
<p>It is State Archeological site number 50-10-37-23.661.</p><br>
<p>The Kamoa Point Complex, the area West of Alii drive on the south side of the bay, included a temple for surfers, called the Haleaama Heiau,</p><br>
<p>and a large ancient sports complex named after chiefess Keolonāhihi, thought to have lived circa 1300. Here warriers could practice their skills.</p><br>
<p>Some legends say Keolonāhihi was the daughter of Paao, the (perhaps mythical) priest who brought the Hawaiian Religion from a distant land.</p><br>
<p>It was added to over the years, including a terraced grandstand to watch surfing contests.</p><br>
<p>Kamehameha I, the great-great grandson of Keakealaniwahine, probably learned to surf here in his youth.</p><br>
<p>When he came to power he lived further north in Kamakahonu but continued to maintain a temple here called Hale O Kaili to the war god Kūkailimoku.</p><br>
<p>Although this Hōlualoa was for the practical purpose of building canoes, sliding down the lava rock evolved into a favorite sport of the upper class called hee hōlua. Kamehameha constructed a large ramp purely for the sport a few miles further south known as the Keauhou Holua Slide, some of which is preserved.</p><br>
<p>The complex on the point was originally added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 14, 1983 as site 83000247. It is state site 10-37-2059, added November 2, 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>After the death of Kamehameha I in 1819, the royalty converted to Christianity and deconstructed many of the old temples.</p><br>
<p>William Ellis toured the area in 1823, and recorded ruins with holes that had "idols removed" but were otherwise well preserved.</p><br>
<p>He described one enclosure as two hundred seventy feet by two hundred ten feet.</p><br>
<p>The place at the time was called Kaluaokalani but this name was unknown on later visits.</p><br>
<p>The number of different names used through the years has added to confusion about the site.</p><br>
<p>In the Great Mahele of 1848, the area became privately owned.</p><br>
<p>The small beach trail was widened into a larger highway later in the 19th century, bisecting the complex.</p><br>
<p>Some farming and cattle grazing in the early 20th century damaged some features, and a few private homes were built.</p><br>
<p>A developer bought some of the land in 1956 with plans to build a hotel, but only a few small vacation homes were built due to local opposition.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, a survey was done for a project variously known as "Alii Drive realignment", "Kahului-Keauhou Parkway", or "Alii Parkway", which has been on hold for decades.</p><br>
<p>Another proposed road project through the area, Lako Street has been re-routed slightly to avoid some major sites (also on hold as of 2009).</p><br>
<p>In 2010, a four-story condominium complex was proposed, greeted with local opposition.</p><br>
<p>On the north side of the bay in the 19th century, a small Christian church was built called Hale Halawai O Holualoa.</p><br>
<p>It was restored in the 1990s and now known as the "Living Stones Church".</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The north side of the bay has a lava ridge that produces a popular surf break known as "Banyans", even though no Banyan trees remain. There are small patches of coral sand, but the hazardous waves and currents can be dangerous to all but advanced surfers.</p><br>
<p>Banyans is the site a surf contest, usually in February.</p><br>
<p>The south side of the bay, along Kamoa Point, has a left surf break called "Lyman&#39;s", named for former resident Howard Lyman, favored among all surfers.</p><br>
<p>It was the subject of a song "Laimana" composed by Lei Collins in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The State purchased some land at Kamoa Point in 1990 to develop the area as Keolonāhihi State Historical Park and some clearing work has been done,</p><br>
<p>but as of 2009 it has only a narrow public access trail.</p><br>
<p>An environmental impact statement was filed in 1995, and an additional 16 acre in the Hōlualoa 4 area on the East of Alii Drive was donated in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The property had been foreclosed upon by First Hawaiian Bank, when it was realized a Senior Vice President of the Bank was a descendant of Keakealaniwahine.</p><br>
<p>One more parcel of 1.25 acre was purchased in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Gyrfalcon Islands are an uninhabited island group in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. The over 200 small islands form an archipelago in western Ungava Bay north of Quebec&#39;s Ungava Peninsula and 19.7 km northeast of Leaf Bay. Tiercel Island and Qikirtajuaq Island lie to the southwest. The closest community is the Inuit village of Kuujjuaq, Quebec, 120 km to the southeast.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The islands are organized in series of north-west and south-east parallel chains. Their habitat is characterized by high, powerful tides, open sea, coastal cliffs, and rocky marine shores.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>Vegetation is sparse, though tundra plants can be found away from shore. These include Arctic willow, crowberry, sedges, mosses and lichens.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Gyrfalcon Islands are a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU028). Their notable bird species includes the common eider.</p><br>
<p>Walrus frequent the area during the summer.</p><br>
<p>Hantzsch Island is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Frobisher Bay off the southern tip of Baffin Island&#39;s Meta Incognita Peninsula and the northeastern tip of Edgell Island. The closest community is the Inuit hamlet of Sanikiluaq, 800 km to the west on Flaherty Island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is small and dome-shaped. Its habitat is characterized by coastal cliffs, grassy slopes, and a rugged shoreline.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Hantzsch Island is a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU025), an International Biological Program site, and a Key Migratory Terrestrial Bird Site (NU Site 49). Notable bird species include Black-legged Kittiwake, Thick-billed Murre, and Colonial Waterbirds/Seabirds.</p><br>
<p>Beluga whales, Bearded seal, Ringed seal, Harp seal. Polar bears, and Walrus frequent the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island is named in honour of Bernhard Hantzsch, a German ornithologist and Arctic researcher.</p><br>
<p>Pony Creek Park is a park in Oak Township, Mills County, Iowa, United States, northwest of Glenwood. Centered the 83 acre Pony Creek Lake, it offers boating, picnicking, and fishing areas. Other features of the park include woods, a camping area, virgin prairie, and a viewing area for the local loess topography.</p><br>
<p>The park cover 53 acre, and is administered by Mills County. In 1971, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, because at the time it was known to contain at least two archaeologically important prehistoric Plains Indian earthen lodges, and the only ones in the region that were on public land that might be preserved.</p><br>
<h2>Davis Oriole Earthlodge</h2><br>
<p>One of the lodges at the site, the Davis Oriole Earthlodge Site, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012; it is one of the best-preserved lodges known of this type. It was first discovered in 1991 by D.D. Davis, an amateur archaeologist. Due to mapping errors, it was not relocated until 2008, when it was found under one of the park&#39;s main trails. The lodge measures about 40 x, with its surface between 35 and below the modern surface. The lodge underwent a careful and minimal excavation in 2009 to confirm its integrity, yielding information about its construction, and fragments of pottery used by its inhabitants. When the lodge was abandoned, it was apparently burned, collapsing its roof and charring its walls.</p><br>
<p>The Union Street Historic District in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States, is an area of eight blocks  southwest of downtown and just north of the Mid-Hudson Bridge approaches. It is the oldest neighborhood in the city.</p><br>
<p>It dates to 1767 when a path to the Hudson River was developed into a street. In 1971 it was designated a historic district and became the first property in the city to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is roughly rectangular. It is bounded on the north by the rear property lines of lots on the south side of Main Street, on the east by the crest of the slope up from the Hudson River (roughly the rear property lines of the west side of Market Street, 200 ft above the water), on the south by US 44 and NY 55 (the East-West Arterial) and on the east by US 9 (the North-South Arterial). This eight-block area of 42 acres (17 ha) included, at the time of its Register listing, 173 contributing properties. None of them are separately listed.</p><br>
<p>Union Street runs across the district roughly west-southwest to east-northeast. Delano and Grand streets are also included in their entirety, and portions of South Bridge, South Clover and South Perry streets are within the district as well.</p><br>
<p>Topographically, the district slopes down towards the river from east to west. All its streets are developed, with a few vacant lots. Buildings and lots, both the smallest, on average, in any area of the city, are densely clustered, with many having yards in the rear rather than the side. There are many older, taller trees that provide shade and greenery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The street began as a winding footpath connecting the early settlement of Poughkeepsie, around the present-day location of Market Street, to the Union Store on the river. In 1767 it was expanded into the first road from Poughkeepsie to the river.</p><br>
<p>A neighborhood gradually arose around it, becoming the first residence for many immigrant groups in the city: the Germans, Irish, Poles, Italians, other Slavic groups. Descendants of many of them stayed in the neighborhood for years. In the mid-20th century the area became racially integrated when African-Americans began settling in the area.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the 19th century builders put up the same general house plan, adapting it only slightly to prevailing architectural styles: a two-and-half-story structure with three-bay facade. This was done first in brick with stone trim, then wood, then in more detailed brickwork. They evolved from having simple steps to the street, to stoops to, at the end of the century, elaborate verandas. Some buildings, usually at the intersections, had businesses at street level.</p><br>
<p>The houses were located on narrow lots with no sideyards, only a rear yard. This created a strong sense of community, and a division between public and private space. Within this, the oblique angles of the Union Street intersections, and the slope of the land gave each house its own perspective on and within the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1960s many of the surrounding neighborhoods had been razed for road construction or extensively rebuilt through urban renewal programs. The historic designation made this less likely to happen in the Union Street area, and preserved it as it had been.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St Mary in Bridgwater, Somerset, England was built in the 13th century, and has been designated as a Grade I listed building. It is dedicated to Saint Mary, the Virgin.</p><br>
<p>The building is on the site of an earlier church which was rebuilt by William Briwere in the early 13th century.</p><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s church has a north porch and windows dating from the 14th century. During the 15th and 16th centuries chapels were added, modifying the nave and the chancel extended.</p><br>
<p>In July 1685, during the Monmouth Rebellion, the Duke of Monmouth watched from the tower as the forces of King James II assembled, at Westonzoyland, under the command of the Earl of Feversham prior to the Battle of Sedgemoor. The spire, which was built in 1367, is 114 ft high and sits on top of the 64 ft tower. The spire was split by lightning in 1814 and repaired the following year. On the face of the tower is a clock installed in 1869 replacing earlier clocks which had been on the tower since 1393. Within the tower are eight bells. The oldest bell dates from 1617 with further bells being added through the 17th and 18th centuries. The most recent bell is the Tenor which dates from 1868 and was cast by John Taylor & Co.</p><br>
<p>Between 1849 and 1851 major renovation work, by Dickson and Brakspear of Manchester, included the removal of the galleries and box pews; they were replaced by regular pews. Between 1877 and 1878 further alterations were made, and in 1888 the walled up arch between the nave and the tower was opened. In 1902 a vestry was added. In 1937 more alterations were made and the decoration of the Sanctuary simplified.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church includes a 13 ft by 8 ft painting of the Descent from the Cross of Spanish or Italian origin given to the church by Anne Poulett the Member of Parliament for the Bridgwater constituency in 1775. It was apparently captured when a Spanish warship was taken a prize. The artist is unknown, although it has been controversially attributed to Murillo or Annibale Carracci. The picture is now used as the altarpiece of the church. It also possesses an octagonal 16th century oak pulpit.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Bridgwater St Mary and Chilton Trinity which is within the deanery of Sedgemoor.</p><br>
<p>The Church was closed on 6 June 2016 to allow extensive renovation to be carried out. It will reopen in February 2017. The work will involve replacing most of the pews by chairs, replacing the floor, and modernising the heating and lighting, as well as upgrading the catering facilities.</p><br>
<p>The Lions House on West Quay in Bridgwater, Somerset, England was built around 1725 and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>It was built between 1720 and 1730 in a Baroque style by Benjamin Holloway, as his house and was later occupied by several Mayors of Bridgwater. Holloway was employed by the Duke of Chandos to build and possibly design the houses in nearby Castle Street.</p><br>
<p>The two-storey house is of five bays with single storey wings on either side of front door which is approached via a flight of steps. It is built of Flemish-bond brick of alternate red and yellow, beneath a double-pitched pantile roof. At the front of the house are 20th-century low panelled and corniced gatepiers which carry Chinese-style dogs (The Lions).</p><br>
<p>The building is now known as Benjamin Holloway House. Parts of the building have been converted for commercial use and include a dentists, an architect and an ecological survey company.</p><br>
<p>The Lion statues have been used as the inspiration for an exhibit by artist Rebecca Moss as part of Somerset Art Week. They are made in concrete to link to the local industrial heritage and the nearby Castle House, which was one of the first buildings to make extensive use of Portland cement for pre-cast concrete.</p><br>
<p>Castle Street in Bridgwater, Somerset, England was built in the 1720s, on a site previously occupied by Bridgwater Castle, by Benjamin Holloway or Fort and Shepherd, the Duke&#39;s London surveyors for James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos. It was originally called Chandos Street. Many of the buildings have been designated as Grade I Listed buildings.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are made of red and yellow Flemish-bond brick, with moulded stone coping to the parapet, and follow very similar lines. They form an important group, unusual for their scale and ambition outside London&#39;s West End.</p><br>
<p>The buildings close to the quay on the River Parrett were built for the merchants who managed trade through the port, with the first bridge having been constructed in 1200 AD. Quays were built in 1424; with another quay, the Langport slip, being built in 1488 upstream of the town bridge. By trans-shipping into barges at the town bridge the Parrett was navigable as far as Langport and (via the River Yeo) to Ilchester. Many of the buildings still have undercroft vaults, some of which were used by the Customs House which was once at the lower end of Castle Street and led to the naming of Bond Street which adjoins Castle Street.</p><br>
<p>Castle Street was used as a location in the 1963 film Tom Jones.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, during sewer renovation work under Castle Street, a section of the curtain wall of the castle and a tunnel used to transport goods from the port were discovered.</p><br>
<h2>South side</h2><br>
<p>Number 1 on the corner with West Quay and very close to the River Parrett was built as the Harbour Master&#39;s house and is now used as offices.</p><br>
<p>Number 3 and 5 were originally separate houses but have now been made into one building and are used as offices. Number 7 and 9 follow the same pattern.</p><br>
<p>Numbers 11 and 13 have been used as Bridgwater Arts Centre since 1946. Many of the original interior of the building has been lost but the plaster ceiling mouldings and the fireplace are original, as are the wooden side cupboards, the window panels and window seats. It was the venue for the first post-war meeting of the Congres Internationaux d&#39;Architecture Moderne in 1947. Number 9 was purchased by Bridgwater Borough Council in 1966, which then passed into the ownership of Sedgemoor District Council in 1974. Number eleven Castle Street was acquired as part of the arts centre in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Number 15 is known as Legion House. It was originally built as a private house in the mid 18th century but is now used by the British Legion.</p><br>
<h2>North side</h2><br>
<p>Number 2 which is on the corner with West Quay has the same Flemish-bond brick but has been painted.</p><br>
<p>Number 4 has a vertical joint to Number 1 Bond Street on the left.</p><br>
<p>Numbers 6, 8, 10 and 12 were originally a merchants houses and was used as nursing home from 1920 to 1990. The district nurses home originally opened in 1902 at Number 2 King Square to commemorate Queen Victoria but was moved to Castle Street in 1926.</p><br>
<p>Numbers 6 to 14 were also built as merchants houses and are now offices.</p><br>
<p>Manatí Bridge at Mata de Plátano, also known as Puente Juan José Jiménez and listed as Bridge #321 in Puerto Rico&#39;s bridge inventory, was built in 1905 near Ciales, Puerto Rico. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>It was the first truss bridge built in Puerto Rico under the American administration (1898–1900) after the Spanish–American War.</p><br>
<p>The bridge has an 80 m span crossing the Manati River. For Puerto Rico, the span is high, 44 ft above the river, "above a spectacular curving canyon of vertical walls traversed by the Manati River". It is a rare type: a steel</p><br>
<p>double intersection Pratt truss, above a concrete substructure, and is the only such highway bridge in Puerto Rico. Its roadway is 3.8 m wide.</p><br>
<p>At least 10 railway bridges used the double intersection Pratt truss design, in the French-owned railway that was built during 1890-93 between San Juan and Ponce. Only one of those, across the Arecibo River, survived in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Cross in Middlezoy, Somerset, England dates from the 13th century and has been designated as a grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>William of Bitton II was the rector by 20 April 1263. From the 13th to early 16th century, when it became a separate parish, Middlezoy was a chapelry of Sowy parish. The church was originally dedicated to St. Lawrence and later to St. Mary before adopting the current dedication in 1754.</p><br>
<p>The church has a chancel and a nave with a south aisle and south porch, and a north chapel or vestry. The 3-stage west tower was built around 1483, similar to that at Lyng. The tower contains six bells including one of 1608 probably by George Purdue of Closworth. The upper part of the tower was restored by Sall Strachey Historic Conservation. The work included replacing the pinnacles and sections of the pierced parapet. On the stonework are hunky punks which have been severely damaged by the weather.</p><br>
<p>The whole church has been renovated many times with a major restoration being undertaken in the 1860s to plans by Charles Knowles, with further repairs in 1908.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Middlezoy and Othery and Moorlinch with Stawell and Sutton Mallet, within the Glastonbury deanery.</p><br>
<p>The Ivory McKusick House is a historic house in Stillwater, Minnesota, United States, completed in 1872 for Ivory McKusick . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and commerce. It was nominated as a striking example of Second Empire architecture in the region and for its associations with a notable family in early Stillwater. McKusick had built his wealth via the lumber industry and government contracts during the Civil War. His older brother John had helped establish the first sawmill in the vicinity in 1843, named and platted the community that grew around it after his hometown in Maine, and served as its first mayor.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The official National Register documentation for the Ivory McKusick House gives a construction date of 1868. However more recent research from the Washington County Historical Society states that the house began as a one-story structure in 1866 and was enlarged in 1872 with the two-story wing that now serves as the main façade. Second Empire architectural elements include the mansard roof with round-arched dormers, and numerous ornate brackets. These brackets adorn the window hoods on the dormers and the first floor, while even larger brackets with pendants support the wide eaves and the hood over the front door. The heavy mansard roof was highly fashionable at the time. A patterned frieze wraps under the roofline and is echoed in decoration around a bay window on the side elevation. Decorative elements are simpler on the original rear wing and lacking altogether on a two-story servants&#39; wing added to the northwest corner of the house sometime before 1888.</p><br>
<p>In his book Historic Homes of Minnesota, Roger G. Kennedy critiques the house as an example of a "strenuous and unsuccessful effort toward monumentality". In describing Minnesotas examples of Second Empire architecture, he said, "At its worst, it made small houses look like boys struggling to look out from beneath their fathers hats."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The McKusick family hailed from Maine, and eventually four brothers would settle in Stillwater: John, Ivory, Jonathan, and Noah. John arrived first, in 1840, having traveled through Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin Territory seeking opportunities in the lumber industry. Finding a promising location on the west bank of the St. Croix River, he and three business partners opened a sawmill there in 1844. A town soon grew around the mill, heavily populated by other settlers from Maine.</p><br>
<p>Ivory McKusick arrived in 1847, initially working in John&#39;s mill and later independently. In 1854 he married his wife Sofia, with whom he would have three children. In 1864 he left Stillwater and helped build Fort Wadsworth in Dakota Territory, returning the following year. In 1867 he was appointed Surveyor General for a section of Minnesota. Around this time he had his house built overlooking the St. Croix River. After 1875 Ivory McKusick had business interests in lumbering, warehousing, and the manufacture of farm implements.</p><br>
<p>Several of the early lumbermen in the valley were motivated to build elaborate, monumental houses to boast of their success in industry. Besides the Ivory McKusick House, other houses of industry pioneers include the Roscoe Hersey House, the Captain Austin Jenks House, and the Albert Lammers House. These houses are also listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>El Camino del Diablo  is a historic 250 mi road that currently extends through some of the most remote and arid terrain of the Sonoran Desert in Pima County and Yuma County, Arizona. In use for at least 1,000 years, El Camino del Diablo is believed to have started as a series of footpaths used by desert-dwelling Native Americans. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, the road was used extensively by conquistadores, explorers, missionaries, settlers, miners, and cartographers. Use of the trail declined sharply after the railroad reached Yuma in 1870. In recognition of its historic significance, El Camino del Diablo was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It has also been designated a Bureau of Land Management Back Country Byway.</p><br>
<p>The name, like its other historic name Camino del Muerto, ("road of the dead") refers to the harsh, unforgiving conditions on trail.</p><br>
<h2>Original route</h2><br>
<p>The southern terminus of the original route was located in Caborca, in what is today the Mexican state of Sonora. From there, it continued through Sonoyta, then past Quitobaquito Springs, then through the lava fields of the Sierra Pinacate, then through the Tule Desert and Tule Mountains. After passing just south of Tordillo Mountain, the route crossed the Tinajas Altas Mountains and then continued to the west of Raven Butte and Cipriano Pass. It then followed the western border of the Gila Mountains, before finally reaching Yuma Crossing at the Colorado River. From Yuma Crossing, travelers could reach the Spanish colonies of California.</p><br>
<p>In reference to points on the route, names used in the past include Sonora Trail, Sonoyta-Yuma Trail, Yuma-Caborca Trail and Old Yuma Trail.</p><br>
<h2>History of the trail</h2><br>
<p>El Camino del Diablo is believed to follow Native American footpaths dating back at least 1,000 years. In 1540, accompanied by native guides, Captain Melchor Díaz led a detachment of the Coronado Expedition through this vicinity en route to the Californias. The first Europeans definitely known to have transited the route were in the party of Jesuit priest Eusebio Francisco Kino, Commander Juan Matheo Mange, and Father Adamo Gilig, who – along with attendants and Native American guides who knew the location of vital water sources needed along the route – first made the crossing in February 1699. The trail offered a shorter route than sailing around Baja California, while avoiding most of the more hostile Native American tribes. However, the 1781 Quechan Indian uprising at Yuma Crossing on the Colorado River prevented travelers from reaching the Californias via the trail. Although Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Fages managed to rescue captured Spanish survivors of the uprising in December of that year, El Camino del Diablo largely fell into disuse until 1849, when the California Gold Rush brought many new migrants from Mexico to the gold fields of California. Afterwards, the trail was used by both United States and Mexican Boundary Survey teams, mapping and cataloging the land purchased in the 1853 Gadsden Purchase. A second wave of miners used the trail in the 1860s, when placer gold was discovered along the Colorado River.</p><br>
<p>Many of these migrants would die from thirst and heat exhaustion en route. As a later traveler noted, "frequent graves and bleaching skulls of animals are painful reminders of unfortunate travelers who died from thirst on the road."</p><br>
<p>The most difficult stretch of the trail was the 130 mi stretch from Sonoyta, Mexico, to what is now Yuma, Arizona.</p><br>
<p>An estimated 400–2000 travelers have lost their lives on the trail,</p><br>
<p>primarily from dehydration, heat stroke, and sunburn, but also from hypothermia.</p><br>
<p>In summer, temperatures here soar to 120 &deg;F, and people require two gallons of water a day just to survive. Most of the graves line the last 30 mi of the trail to Yuma; by one count, there are 65 graves near Tinajas Altas.</p><br>
<p>Use of the trail declined sharply after the Southern Pacific Railroad reached Yuma in 1870. While prospectors and transient visitors continued to visit the area, El Camino del Diablo never regained its status as a major migration route. Occasionally the route was used by cartographers and boundary survey parties, who documented numerous remains of both humans and domesticated animals.</p><br>
<p>In recognition of its historic significance, El Camino del Diablo was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It can still be transited by visitors to the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, established in 1939 to protect desert wildlife. With the exception of one United States Border Patrol station (Camp Grip), the section of original trail between Las Playas and Tinajas Altas remains virtually unchanged.</p><br>
<h2>Tinajas Altas</h2><br>
<p>The historic campground at Tinajas Altas ("high tanks") features nine cup-like pools (tinajas) perched one above the other on a steep granite slope, that are replenished solely by rainwater. When full, these tinajas may hold up to 20,000 gal, but due to the lack of rainfall and arid atmosphere, one or more are frequently empty. In the days before motor vehicle transport, some travelers perished after finding one or more pools dry. During the 1891-1896 USA Boundary Survey expedition, the surveying party related the story of three dead prospectors found just above the empty first tank. The men&#39;s fingers were worn raw from climbing the rock to the second tank, which held water, and it was apparent the men had died just yards from their salvation.</p><br>
<h2>El Camino del Diablo today</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Camino del Diablo remains a dirt road, suitable for four-wheel drive and high-clearance vehicles carrying extra water and emergency equipment. No emergency or tow services are available, and visitors use the trail at their own risk.</p><br>
<p>South of the Mexico–United States border, the original Mexican sections of the Camino del Diablo have largely disappeared. In its place, the Mexican government has constructed a paved highway, Mexican Federal Highway 2, which roughly parallels the border for 120 mi.</p><br>
<p>The current route begins 21 mi southwest of Ajo, Arizona, at the boundary between Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument and Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge. From there, it continues west past San Cristobal Wash, following the northern edge of the Agua Dulce Mountains to reach Papago Well. From there, the road passes Camp Grip, then runs south of the Sierra Pinta as it passes through the Pinta Sand Dunes and then the Pinacate Volcanic Field. From there, the road passes through the Tule Desert and Tule Mountains, and into Tule Tank Canyon to reach Tule Well, where the road intersects with Christmas Pass Road. The road then passes through the Lechuguilla Desert, just south of Tordillo Mountain, before finally reaching the Tinajas Altas Mountains. At Tinajas Altas, the road forks, and the traveler can take a shorter route which heads north through the Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range, passing east of Raven Butte and Cipriano Pass and following the eastern border of the Gila Mountains, before finally reaching Interstate 8 and the Gila River at Wellton, Arizona. Alternatively, the traveler may choose a longer route which more closely follows the original route. This route crosses the Tinajas Altas Mountains and continues in a northwest direction, passing west of Raven Butte and Cipriano Pass. It then follows the western border of the Gila Mountains, passing by the abandoned Fortuna Mine, before finally reaching the small community of Fortuna Foothills, Arizona.</p><br>
<p>The trail follows the Mexico–United States border very closely for most of its length. To transit the entire trail, a permit is required from the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge office in Ajo.</p><br>
<p>Mission San Francisco de Potano was a Spanish mission near Gainesville, Florida, United States. In 2007, evidence of Spanish-built post remnants provided structural evidence of the former mission&#39;s location. On April 30, 2009, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The mission of San Francisco de Potano was founded in 1606 by the Franciscans Father Martín Prieto and Father Alonso Serrano. It was the first doctrina (a mission with a resident priest) in Florida west of the St. Johns River. The mission was at the south edge of present-day San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park ("San Felasco" is derived from the 18th-century Seminole pronunciation of "San Francisco").</p><br>
<p>The Potano Indians were enemies of the Spanish for some 30 years after the founding of St. Augustine in 1565. In 1597 the chiefs of the Potano and other Western Timucuan tribes had pledged allegiance to the governor of la Florida in St. Augustine. Franciscan missionaries began visiting Western Timucuan villages that year, but a rebellion in Guale Province disrupted missionary efforts in Florida for a decade; missionaries continued to make occasional visits, but permanent missions were not established, even though chiefs requested them and returned to St. Augustine to renew their vows of allegiance to the Spanish authorities. The arrival of additional Franciscan missionaries in 1605 allowed the establishment of permanent missions in Western Timucua to proceed, beginning with the mission of San Francisco de Potano in 1606.</p><br>
<p>Soon after Father Prieto and Serrano established the mission of San Francisco, Father Prieto established the nearby missions of Santa Ana de Potano and San Miguel de Potano. Opposition from the villagers at San Francisco de Potano forced Father Prieto to return to St. Augustine, and the mission became a visita (mission without a resident priest) served by Father Serrano, who resided at the mission of San Miguel de Potano. A fourth mission in the area, San Buenaventura de Potano was established a short time later. Initially, the four Potano missions served about 1,200 Indians, about 400 of whom were at San Francisco. The rapid decline of the Potano population due to repeated epidemics led to the abandonment of the San Miguel and San Buenaventura missions within a few years, with the survivors relocated to San Francisco and Santa Ana.</p><br>
<p>At least one of the cattle ranches operated by the Spanish in Florida in the later part of the 17th century was located near San Francisco de Potano. Gabriel Diaz Vara Calderón, Bishop of Cuba, who visited the Florida missions in 1674-5, noted that the San Francisco mission was abandoned. However, a mission at San Francisco did exist at the beginning of the 18th century. Starting the 1680s and accelerating after 1700 during Queen Anne&#39;s War, the English of the Province of Carolina and various Indian tribes allied with them repeatedly attacked Spanish missions in Florida. After the destruction of the mission buildings at Santa Fé de Toloca (a few miles from San Francisco de Potano) in 1702, that mission was merged into the mission at San Francisco in 1703. By 1704 San Francisco was fortified, one of the few Spanish outposts left west of the St. Johns River. The remaining Indians at San Francisco de Potano moved east of the St. Johns River in 1706, abandoning the mission 100 years after it was established.</p><br>
<p>The Riddle Brothers Ranch is a pioneer ranch complex located in the in Harney County in eastern Oregon, United States. The ranch is located on both sides of the Little Blitzen River on public land administered by the Bureau of Land Management.</p><br>
<p>The original ranch buildings were constructed by three brothers, Benjamin, Frederick, and Walter Riddle. Today, the ranch is maintained as an open-air museum with original artifact displayed where they were used. Visitors can explore the ranch buildings, hike, or fish; however, camping is not permitted. There are a number of Native American archeological sites on the ranch property. These sites are not open to the public. The Riddle Brothers Ranch is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Native Americans inhabited the Steens Mountain area around the Riddle Brothers Ranch for 10,000 years prior to the arrival of European explorers in the early 19th century. The first recorded exploration of the area was by fur traders between 1826 and 1829. Peter Skene Ogden also explored the area a few years later. In 1845, Steven Meeks led a wagon train through the area, mistaking the snow-covered Steens for the Cascade Mountains.</p><br>
<p>In 1860, the United States Army sent Major Enoch Steen to protect settlers in the area and determine the feasibility of building a road from the Willamette Valley to southeastern Oregon. His party named many topographic features including Steens Mountain. In 1864, Captain George B. Curry led a unit of the 1st Oregon Cavalry through the area. The cavalrymen crossed a river on the west slope of Steens during a violent thunder storm. Curry named the river Donder und Blitzen, which in German means thunder and lightning. Over time, it became known as the Donner und Blitzen River.</p><br>
<p>The Riddle brothers lived on their ranch for fifty years. However, none of brothers ever married. In 1952, Fred Riddle, the last of the brothers sold the ranch to Rex Clemens, a lumberman from Philomath, Or. Clemens continued to raise livestock on the property for more than thirty years. In 1986, the Bureau of Land Management purchased the property from Rexs widow, Ethel Clemens. Since then, the Bureau of Land Managements Burns District has maintained the ranch as a historic site. In 1991, the Riddle Brothers Ranch was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, Bureau of Land Management archaeologists identified the first of 48 prehistoric sites on the Riddle property. These archeological sites are collectively known as the Mortar Riddle Site.</p><br>
<h2>Ranch environment</h2><br>
<p>The Riddle Brothers Ranch National Historic District covers 1,120 acre, including 850 acre that also falls within the Donner und Blitzen Wild and Scenic River system. The ranch is mostly meadow land, which is irrigated by a series of ditches. The meadow vegetation includes both native and non-native plant species. Native species include redtop, tufted hairgrass, Nebraska sedge, and Cusick&#39;s bluegrass. The non-native species include Timothy-grass and Kentucky bluegrass. The riparian area along the Little Blitzen River and seasonal drainages are dominated by black cottonwood, alder, and willow trees. Sagebrush and Western juniper are common on upland slopes and undeveloped parts of the ranch.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>There are eight historic buildings and a number of other historic structures located in the national historic district. The historic buildings are in three groupings. The main ranch complex includes a house, bunkhouse, barn, root cellar, chicken coop, storage shed, blacksmith shop with adjoining tack room, and several corrals built of willow and juniper. Another group of structures includes a house, root cellar, and stone storage building. A log house surrounded by a split rail fences makes up the third area. All of the structures on the ranch were built by the Riddle brothers using logs, weatherboard, hand-cut shingles, and local stone. Walter Riddle&#39;s ranch house was destroyed by a wild fire in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Bureau of Land Management has preserved the ranch complex in order to give visitors a feel for the living conditions experienced by pioneer ranch families in eastern Oregon. The Bureau of Land Management has stabilized and restored the main buildings and many of the other structures. The repair work added structural support and replaced deteriorating elements of the buildings; however, the BLM was careful not alter the character of the historic structures during the restoration and preservation process.</p><br>
<p>There are several modern buildings at the ranch. The Bureau of Land Management maintains an administrative building and several corrals adjacent to the main ranch complex. There is also a small caretaker cabin located on the west side of the Little Blitzen River and a public vault toilet.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>About 550 people visit the Riddle Brothers Ranch each year. Visitors enjoy exploring the historic ranch buildings, hiking, fishing, horseback riding, and photography. The historic structures scattered across the ranch property offer the opportunity to see how pioneer ranchers lived. However, visitors must be careful not to disturb any historical artifacts or structures. The Frederick Riddle house, Benjamin Riddle house, the bunkhouse, and ranch barn were all built by the Riddle brothers using locally available materials, and are popular subjects for photographers. Hikers can access the Steens Mountain Wilderness from the Cold Spring Road north of the ranch, or can trek cross-country to the Little Blitzen Gorge east of the ranch. The Levi Brinkley Memorial Trail provides access to the confluence of the Little Blitzen and the Donner und Blitzen rivers. Built in 2017, the Fred Riddle Trail provides access between the Little Blitzen Trail and Cold Springs Road. The Little Blitzen River is popular for catch-and-release fishing for Redband trout. The river, along with 850 acre of the ranch property, fall within the system. This expands the recreational opportunities along the river beyond the ranch itself.</p><br>
<h2>Mortar Riddle archeological site</h2><br>
<p>In prehistoric times, the Riddle Brothers Ranch area was an ideal location for Native American people to live. It is located near a dependable water supply. There is ample firewood, game is plentiful, and a number of edible plants grow in the vicinity. Because of these conditions, this area may have been in continuous use as a base camp for as much as 1,400 years.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 2003, Bureau of Land Management archaeologists began exploring the Riddle Brothers Ranch for signs of prehistoric sites. During the first season, archaeologists unearthed 42 arrowheads and spear points and 89 stone tools including a large number of mortars. Mortars are a common find at archeological sites, but it is rare to find a large number in one location. As a result, the site was named the Mortar Riddle Site.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee joined the Bureau of Land Management team expanding the excavations to new areas. By the end of that season, 65 mortars and over 200 arrow and spear points had been found. The oldest points may be as much as 6,000 years old. In the second season, archaeologists also found United States Army buttons. This shows that the inhabitants of this site had contact with the United States military before it was abandoned, probably sometime between the 1840s and 1880s.</p><br>
<p>As of 2005, archaeologists had identified 48 prehistoric sites on the Riddle property. Volunteers from the Oregon Archaeological Society have joined the Bureau of Land Management and the University Wisconsin–Milwaukee archeologists working on the site. Because the excavation sites are fragile, they are not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>To get to the Riddle Brothers Ranch from Burns, Oregon take State Highway 78. Travel southeast for approximately two miles. Turn right onto State Highway 205, and travel south for 60 mi to Frenchglen, Oregon. Continue on State Highway 205 through Frenchglen nine miles (14 km) to "P" Hill; then turn left on the Steens Mountain Loop Road. The turnoff to the Riddle brother&#39;s ranch is approximately 18 mi from the State Highway 205 junction.</p><br>
<p>Because of its remote location, travelers should call the Bureau of Land Management&#39;s Burns Office to ensure the ranch is open before departing. The road to the Riddle Brothers Ranch is rough, especially during wet conditions but was significantly improved in 2016. The Bureau of Land Management recommends a high clearance vehicle be used when traveling to the ranch. Also, it is worth noting that cell phone service does not reach the Riddle Brothers Ranch area. However, local law enforcement officers visit the ranch periodically.</p><br>
<p>Caretakers are on site and the ranch is typically open for vehicle access from June - September, Wednesday - Sunday, 9am-5 pm, weather permitting. When closed to vehicle access, visitors can park their vehicles at the ranch gate and walk approximately 1.25 miles to the main cluster of buildings around the Fred Riddle house. Access by foot, bicycle, or horseback is always permitted. There is a public vault toilet at the ranch, but visitors must bring their own drinking water. Camping is not allowed on the property so visitors must leave in the evening before the caretaker locks the entrance gate at 5pm. For those who want to camp in the area, the is only three miles away.</p><br>
<p>The Roseberry Homestead, also known as the Walter Gess House is a classic Georgian house, erected of rough-cut quarry stone between 1765 and 1783 in Phillipsburg, Warren County, New Jersey, United States. It is a -story, five-bay plan house, two rooms deep, with a center through hall. There is an attached -story stone kitchen, probably built before the main house. There are three chimneys—two rising from the gable ends of the main block, and the third from the gable end of the kitchen. There is a large cooking fireplace in the kitchen, with a removed brick oven. A winder stair on the fireplace wall leads to the loft above. The front of the house is on the downhill side, allowing for a walk-in cellar. A porch extended across the entire front, permitting access to the higher level first floor, but that has long since disappeared. John Roseberry, Sr. was one of the original settlers in Phillipsburg. It is very likely the oldest existing structure in town.</p><br>
<p>Although it is on the State and National Register of Historic Places, the Roseberry Homestead has fallen into considerable disrepair, and has been boarded up for at least 15 years. The exterior remains in relatively good condition, and the interior walls and wide board floors appear to be in safe condition. Ceilings are partially collapsed and lath is showing. There are no remaining windows, and most of the doors and staircase baluster are gone. Several of the eight fireplace mantels appear to be late eighteenth century, but much of the interior woodwork is nineteenth century, and there appears to be none of the original hardware.</p><br>
<p>Pakowki Lake is an endorheic lake in Alberta, Canada located south of Etzikom, Alberta and not far north is the former town site of Pakowki which may have received its name from the lake.</p><br>
<p>It is located in the prairies of southern Alberta, at an elevation of 860 m, in the County of Forty Mile No. 8. It is fed by a number of coulees and creeks, such as Etzikom Coulee, Irrigation Creek, Erickson Coulee, Ketchum Creek, Canal Creek, Bond Coulee and Bryant Coulee, and has no outflow. Reaching a maximum extent of 123 km&sup2, it is one of the largest lakes in the province.</p><br>
<p>The name means "bad water" in Blackfoot language, named so for the bad smell caused by the lack of an outflow. While it is the largest water body in southern Alberta, its waters are intermittent, and it can be classified as a slough. In times of flooding, the lake overflows through a channel into the Milk River, which flows 6 km south of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The Pakowki Lake Provincial Bird Sanctuary is established on and around the lake, which provides congregations of waterfowl and waders, as a staging area for migration along the western flyway. The lake is designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) and listed by Bird Studies Canada and Bird Life International as globally significant but none of the lake has federal or provincial protected status.</p><br>
<p>Species of birds observed at the lake include double-crested cormorant, black-crowned night-heron, marsh wren, cinnamon teal and American bittern.</p><br>
<p>Mammals such as pronghorns, badgers, coyotes, striped skunks and porcupines are commonly found on the shores as well.</p><br>
<p>The lake lies in a sand dune-wetland environment of the Grassland biome. Flora on the lake shores consists of threatened Western Spiderwort (Tradescantia occidentalis), vulnerable Smooth Goosefoot (Chenopodium subglabrum), Great Basin Downingia and Skeletonweed (Eriogonum deflexum).</p><br>
<p>The lake contains no fish species.</p><br>
<h2>Avian botulism</h2><br>
<p>In high water years, the lake kills hundreds of thousands of birds due to avian botulism. Government studies conclude that nothing can be done to prevent the botulism.</p><br>
